Foundations
Cognitive Load Theory
Manage mental effort to focus on what matters.
Definition
A framework explaining that our working memory has limited capacity, and instructional design should manage mental effort so learners can focus on what matters.
💡 Core Idea
Too much cognitive load overwhelms working memory, making learning harder. Good design reduces unnecessary load, organizes complex content, and supports deeper thinking.
🔍 How It Works
Cognitive load has three main types:
- Intrinsic Load – The complexity inherent in the topic itself.
- Extraneous Load – Mental effort caused by poor design or irrelevant details.
- Germane Load – Productive effort spent building understanding and mental models.
🎯 How to Apply
- Reduce Extraneous: Remove clutter, avoid distracting visuals, simplify UI.
- Structure Intrinsic: Break complex material into smaller, sequenced chunks.
- Boost Germane: Use activities that prompt practice, elaboration, and reflection.
📌 Quick Example
Instead of showing a dense slide full of text, present a clear diagram with key labels and a short explanation to help learners focus on the main concept.
⚠️ Common Mistakes
- Overloading slides with too much text or multiple animations.
- Introducing advanced concepts without scaffolding.
- Adding visuals that don’t directly support the learning objective.
Key Takeaway
Respect the limits of working memory: cut the unnecessary, structure complexity, and guide attention toward meaningful learning.
📚 Resources
- Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive Load Theory. Springer.
- Learning Scientists – Cognitive Load Theory
- Clark, R. C., Nguyen, F., & Sweller, J. (2011). Efficiency in Learning. Wiley.